Finally, The House of Wisdom, an academic institution serving as a university, was established in Baghdad in 1004 AD. During the same period, translations from Greek, Latin, and Chinese into Arabic were numerous. This golden age was based on several factors: Muslims followed the guidelines of the Prophet studying and searching for knowledge, communication improved because the empire united extensive geographic areas where the Arabic language became a unifying factor, and scholars traveled to teach or share ideas. ĭuring the 8th to 13th centuries, Islamic medicine went through remarkable developments, which later influenced medical education and practice in Europe. Persian and Indian medical heritage also was conserved, developed, and then transferred to Islamics and Greeks. The works of Galen (AD 129–200) were housed at the Pergamon School, currently in Bergama-West Anatolia, formerly one of the most important medical schools. It is accepted that the works of Hippocrates (BC 460-370), the father of modern medicine based on observation, who was born on the island of Cos which is only 4 km from the coast of Bodrum, Turkey, have been important sources to the Islamic world, Seljuks, Ottomans, and the Western civilizations. The institutional education of medicine took its first steps when the priest-physicians trained in the temples built in the name of god of healing, Asclepius, on the islands on both sides of the Aegean Sea.
The science of medicine has historical roots from the West and East, with the most critical phases being the establishment of educational institutions, including hospitals and schools. Together with the history of the Külliye, I will focus on the medical books of the period, in particular works of Şerefeddin Sabuncuoğlu who used the Turkish language instead of Arabic and color illustrations and his two books which were the main medical books of the period combining knowledge of Greek, Roman, Arabic, and Turkish acquirements. The Külliye, established in the 15th century, provided substantial contributions to medical and scientific history, and patient care. This foundation ( vakıf, waqf in Arabic) of health was a trust with deeds that contain notable information regarding hospital management, and the duties, responsibilities, qualities, and proficiency standards requisite for physicians. The other constructed units were built to complete the hospital service in social, cultural, religious and financial aspects. Sultan Bayezid II Külliyesi of Edirne, Turkey is an early characteristic example with its sections, and in particular, with the medical school and hospital.
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A külliye is an Ottoman architectural concept that designates a complex with a central mosque and a series of ancillary buildings surrounding it. During the 8th to 13th centuries, Islamic medicine went through a golden age which influenced medical education and practice in the Ottomans, who conserved fundamental features of Islamic civilization.